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William Bradford Shockley (b. London, 1910 - d. Stanford, 1989)

I have a special fondness for reading about the lives of great scientists. It is often found that men are as brilliant examples in their work and in personal relationships or in their particular beliefs are the least. Most times the genius comes with eccentric and often attitudes beliefs and actions are difficult to assimilate for ordinary mortals. An example of what I say is William Shockley, one of the minds that shaped the world as we know it today, Nobel Prize winner in Physics in 1956 and dogged advocate of racial theories and eugenics really shocking taken to extremes .
Shockley was born in London in 1910, the son of an engineer and surveyor who decided they could give your child a perfect education without leaving home, soon stood out for its high intellectual level as much as for their difficulties in understanding others . He studied at the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech), a Ph.D. from MIT in 1936 and immediately went to work at Bell Labs in New Jersey, where he quickly developed several patents. During the war he worked on several projects related to radar and antisubmarine warfare, for which he received the Medal of Merit in 1946.
After the war continued in the laboratories of Bell, who was then looking for an alternative to vacuum lamps as amplifiers of electrons. A Shockley came up with using an electric field that increased the conductivity of the semiconductor on which it is applied. And on this idea John Bardeen and Walter Brattain managed to build the first transistor in 1947. Although Shockley had suggested the idea starting and participating in some stages of theoretical development, not figured in several subsequent patents because their idea of \u200b\u200bthe electric field had been patented in the thirties by Julius Lilienfeld , so Shockley, feeling cheated, continued working independently and in the years that followed almost revolutionized the world of electronics with their progress. In 1951 he patented the junction transistor that completely overtook the market earlier. That same year he was appointed a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Despite all this display of genius, the truth is that Shockley was at best a difficult person to deal with, what I fell out with his staff and it appears that stopped him from moving up the Bell, so in 1955 decided to become independent and create your own company, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory , and tried to take some of his former colleagues from Bell. None accepted. In 1954 also had divorced his first wife to marry again next year with a professor of nursing. It seems that the front of your character worse company, and started to become quite paranoid. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize along with Bardeen and Brattain to those who held some time despite not speaking. In 1957 Shockley refused to work with new silicon transistors, which made eight of its engineers left the company and founded Fairchild Semiconductor that, together with Texas Instruments , would create the first integrated circuits and would be the basis for the later Intel . Finally, in 1961, Shockley sold his business and he taught at Stanford until his death in 1989 for prostate cancer. In those years still managed several patents in the electronics field, but his bad temper made him away to their children, who learned the news of his death by the press.
Apart from the above, during the last decades of his life Shockley became interested in eugenics. I thought America had a serious problem dysgenesis as less intelligent people tend to reproduce more, so in theory people tended to become less and less intelligent. A Shockley seems that he was concerned especially blacks, who thought they were less intelligent than whites according to general studies of IQ Arthur Jensen, who in 1969 published an article which stated that blacks were on average half an IQ 15 points lower than whites, and that this difference was not due to genetics and socially depressed environment in which they lived the majority of African Americans in the 60's. Convinced of his ideas, Shockley is dedicated to spreading by the United States through a campaign of lectures and even proposed it would be nice to offer money to anyone who had an IQ below 100 to be left sterile. Of course all this caused quite a stir in the university of Stanford, getting students to burn his effigy. His obsession even led him to persuade the billionaire Robert Klark Graham to create the Repository for Germinal Choice , a sperm bank which would keep the best genes among which were those of Nobel laureates and their own course.
must be said that the controversy over the CI continues today. At the end of the 70 published another study which stated that the Japanese gave on average 15 points higher on the test than white Americans. Obviously, the same voices who advocated that the difference between whites and blacks was genetic opted this time for a deficiency in the American school system.

Engine 2005 Hyundai Elantra

TRANSISTORS AND EUGENICS THE LEGEND OF THE PROCEEDINGS LOST

EDWARD DRUMMOND (b. Bristol, 1680 - m. Ocracoke, 1718)

Funny how legends are about characters that were actually very different from how the paint. An example of what I say is undoubtedly the famous pirate Blackbeard, who has spent prototype in history as a profession in his day was his last legs and that had nothing to do with the growth achieved in previous centuries and was beginning to look more like what would become smugglers and gangsters.
is believed that Blackbeard, whose real name was Edward Drummond, born in Bristol in 1680 in the midst of a lower middle class family and it seems that very young enlisted as a merchant seaman. Nothing is known of his career to that during the War of English Succession sailed as a privateer in the West Indies, and changed his name to Edward Teach, probably thinking back once the real return less controversial activities. The case Drummond or teach is that learning the craft over the pirate captain's orders Hornygold and must have done well because it was soon in command of his own ship, a captured French merchantman which he renamed Queen Anne's Revenge . Once the war ended in 1713, Teach followed orders Hornygold as a pirate until he filed for an amnesty for George I in 1716 and left in front of the business. In the two years after he built his reputation Teach prototype Pirate of the Caribbean, but the truth is operated rather little in the sea but rather in the waters of Virginia and the Carolinas, on the coast eastern North America, which at that time were more popular. Nor is it true that mainly devoted to plunder English ships, in fact his solo career began with the collapse of British merchant Great Allen off the American coast and the subsequent battle with the British warship Scarborough, which had to flee with tails between their legs but earned him his nickname Blackbeard. Teach in the waters of Honduras signed a treaty to operate with another pirate who had become quite famous in those days, Stede Bonnet, a planter of Barbados's crazy that that was done to escape a filibuster wife too irritating. Blackbeard soon realized that his colleague did not really know much about navigation, so that became the real leader of this society that dealt with British freighters and then sell the loot in the American colonies at lower prices, making the Americans were quite willing in principle to the pirates, who were receiving in their cities and felt something like a romantic hero.
In January 1718, Blackbeard was presented with a fleet of four ships to Charleston for a week was devoted to plunder as many ships entering the port, making the way with a number of hostages that ended up changing for medicine for his men before the impotence the governor of the city. Previously they had been robbed of all their property and valuables that soon after sold, along with the loot from the ships approached, the colonists of North Carolina. Carolina learned that the king had issued a pardon for pirates another so that, after stealing the loot from Bonnet, sank the Queen Anne's Revenge and established himself as a planter in Bathtown. It had to claim that their booty in fact come to plunder English and French and not the king himself gave him a pardon, which does not seem to have been denied by the Americans who knew about their misdeeds. Seeking respectability, Teach married daughter another planter in the area (although it is said that fourteen women had other "legitimate"), but it seems that the sedentary lifestyle did not like too much because in June 1718 he sailed again with his men and went on to sell "protection" sailing ships through the area in the manner of the Chicago gangsters of the 20's. Although this business does not satisfy him for long and soon returned to plunder the ships directly, then selling their goods in collusion with Governor Charles Eden and his secretary Tobias Knight. Finally, in October, began to loot with a small sloop, the Adventure , plantations cotton on the banks of the James River in Virginia. The governor of this state, Alexander Spotswood less tolerant than Eden, quickly sent two frigates to the mouth of the river, but Blackbeard miraculously managed to slip away and took refuge in the bay of Ocranoke. On November 20 she met another sloop commanded by Lieutenant Maynard who, after a fierce battle, cut off his head and returned triumphant to her Bathtown hung on the bowsprit of his ship.
And as with this type of character, his death was only the beginning of the legend. The stories told in life on the giant boats that approached the cannon fuses lit tied his beard, and had no pity for anyone who successfully repaid, began to come to life. His pact with Satan, surely he advertised himself in his day to raise the terror instilled in the crews of the ships and, above all, the treasure allegedly buried after sinking the Queen Anne's Revenge , have made him appear in the popular imagination as the archetype of the pirate, but actually the time when galleons full of gold was looted by other hackers had spent many years and their prey were most of the time shipments or items were manufactured in Great Britain bound for the American colonies. Still, There are still people looking for a treasure that will almost certainly never existed.