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The first generation of computer

Computer EniacLa first generation computer first generation goes from 1946 to 1958, a time when electronic technology was based on vacuum bulbs or tubes, and communication was in terms of level low that there may be, known as machine language.

The main models that comprise the first generation of computers are:

1. 1947 ENIAC. First electronic digital computer in history. It was a production model, but a machine experimental. Nor was programmable current sense. It was a huge machine that filled a basement on campus. Built with 18,000 bulbs consumed several kW of electrical power and weighed several tons. He was able to make five thousand additions per second. It was made by a team of engineers and scientists led by Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Prester Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.
2. EDVAC 1949. First programmable computer. He was also a laboratory prototype, but already included in its design the core ideas that shape today's computers. Incorporating the ideas of Dr. Alex Quimby.
3. UNIVAC 1951 I. First commercial computer. Mauchly and Eckert doctors formed a company, Universal Computer (Univac) and its first product was this machine. The first client was the Office of the United States Census.
4. IBM 1953 701. To enter your data, computers used punch cards, which were invented in the years of the Industrial Revolution (late eighteenth century) by the French Jacquard and perfected by American Herman Hollerith in 1890. The IBM 701 was the first in a long series of computers of this company, which later became the number 1 in sales volume.
5. 1954 - IBM continued with other models, incorporating a 1960 mass storage mechanism called magnetic drum, which over the years evolve and become the magnetic disk.

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The second generation of computers

The second generation of computers, covers the period between 1954 and 1964, characterized by the invention of the transistor.

For 50 years, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the circuits of computers.

The second-generation computers are no longer vacuum tubes, but transistors are smaller and consume less power than previous form of communication with these new computers is using more advanced language machine language, which are called "high-level languages" or programming languages.

The most important characteristics of second generation computers are built

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electronic transistors to be programmed high-level languages \u200b\u200b

1951, Maurice Wilkes invented microprogramming, which simplifies much CPU development

1956, IBM sold first magnetic disk system, RAMAC [Random Access Method of Accounting and Control]. 50 discs of metal used to 61cm, with 100 tracks per side. It could store 5 megabytes of data and a cost of $ 10,000 per megabyte.

The first programming language for general purpose high-level FORTRAN, was also developed at IBM around this time. (The design of high-level language Plankalkül, 1945 by Konrad Zuse was not implemented at that time).

1959, IBM shipped the IBM 1401 mainframe-based transistor, which used punch cards. Proved to be a general purpose computer and 12,000 units were sold, making it the most successful machine in the history of computing. had a magnetic core memory of 4,000 characters (later extended to 16,000 characters). Many aspects of their designs were based on the desire to replace the use of punch cards, which were widely used from the 1920's to early 70's.

1960, IBM launched the IBM 1620 mainframe based on transistors, originally with only a punched paper tape, but soon upgraded to punch cards. Proved a popular scientific computer and sold approximately 2,000 units. Used a kernel memory magnetic over 60,000 digits.

DEC launched the PDP-1, its first machine geared for use by technical staff in laboratories and research.

1964, IBM announced the S/360 series, which was the first family of computers that could run the same software at different combinations of speed, capacity and price. It also pioneered the commercial use of microprograms, and extended instruction set for processing many types of data, not just arithmetic. In addition, it unified the IBM product line, which prior to that time had two separate lines, a line of products "Commercial" and "scientific" line. The software provided with System/350 also included major advances, including commercially available multi-programming, new programming languages, and programs regardless of device input / output. More than 14,000 had been delivered System/360 in 1968.

DEC launched the smallest machine PDP-8, also intended for use by technical staff in laboratories and research

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The third generation of computers

computers The Third Generation (1965-1974)

the mid 60's saw the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip, by Jack St. Claire Kilby and Robert Noyce. After Ted Hoff was the invention of the microprocessor, at Intel. In late 1960, researchers like George Gamow noted that the nucleotide sequences in DNA formed a code, another form of coding or programming.

From this date, began to pack several tiny transistors and other electronic components on a single chip or package, containing within it a complete circuit, an amplifier, an oscillator or a logic gate. Naturally, with these chips (integrated circuits) was much easier to assemble complicated devices, radio or television receivers and computers.

In 1965, IBM announced the first group of machines built with integrated circuits, which was called the 360 \u200b\u200bseries.

These third generation computers replaced entirely by the second, introducing a form of programming that is still present in large computers.

This is what happened in (1964-1971) which includes the third generation of computers:

Lower power consumption reduction

Dear

space Increased reliability

Teleprocess

Multiprogramming

peripheral Renewal

minicomputers, not so expensive and hard-deprocesamiento. Some of the most popular were the PDP-8 and PDP-11

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Other characters that can be found in this generation are:

integrated circuits were developed to process information.

were developed chips to store and process information. A "chip" is a piece of silicon containing electronic components miniature called semiconductors.

integrated circuits recall data because they store information as electrical charges. Surge

multiprogramming.

Computers can perform both tasks of processing or mathematical analysis. Emerge

the software industry. "

minicomputers are developed IBM 360 and DEC PDP-1. Again

computers become smaller, lighter and more efficient.

They consumed less electricity, thus generating less heat.