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The first generation of computer

Computer EniacLa first generation computer first generation goes from 1946 to 1958, a time when electronic technology was based on vacuum bulbs or tubes, and communication was in terms of level low that there may be, known as machine language.

The main models that comprise the first generation of computers are:

1. 1947 ENIAC. First electronic digital computer in history. It was a production model, but a machine experimental. Nor was programmable current sense. It was a huge machine that filled a basement on campus. Built with 18,000 bulbs consumed several kW of electrical power and weighed several tons. He was able to make five thousand additions per second. It was made by a team of engineers and scientists led by Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Prester Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.
2. EDVAC 1949. First programmable computer. He was also a laboratory prototype, but already included in its design the core ideas that shape today's computers. Incorporating the ideas of Dr. Alex Quimby.
3. UNIVAC 1951 I. First commercial computer. Mauchly and Eckert doctors formed a company, Universal Computer (Univac) and its first product was this machine. The first client was the Office of the United States Census.
4. IBM 1953 701. To enter your data, computers used punch cards, which were invented in the years of the Industrial Revolution (late eighteenth century) by the French Jacquard and perfected by American Herman Hollerith in 1890. The IBM 701 was the first in a long series of computers of this company, which later became the number 1 in sales volume.
5. 1954 - IBM continued with other models, incorporating a 1960 mass storage mechanism called magnetic drum, which over the years evolve and become the magnetic disk.

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The second generation of computers

The second generation of computers, covers the period between 1954 and 1964, characterized by the invention of the transistor.

For 50 years, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the circuits of computers.

The second-generation computers are no longer vacuum tubes, but transistors are smaller and consume less power than previous form of communication with these new computers is using more advanced language machine language, which are called "high-level languages" or programming languages.

The most important characteristics of second generation computers are built

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electronic transistors to be programmed high-level languages \u200b\u200b

1951, Maurice Wilkes invented microprogramming, which simplifies much CPU development

1956, IBM sold first magnetic disk system, RAMAC [Random Access Method of Accounting and Control]. 50 discs of metal used to 61cm, with 100 tracks per side. It could store 5 megabytes of data and a cost of $ 10,000 per megabyte.

The first programming language for general purpose high-level FORTRAN, was also developed at IBM around this time. (The design of high-level language Plankalkül, 1945 by Konrad Zuse was not implemented at that time).

1959, IBM shipped the IBM 1401 mainframe-based transistor, which used punch cards. Proved to be a general purpose computer and 12,000 units were sold, making it the most successful machine in the history of computing. had a magnetic core memory of 4,000 characters (later extended to 16,000 characters). Many aspects of their designs were based on the desire to replace the use of punch cards, which were widely used from the 1920's to early 70's.

1960, IBM launched the IBM 1620 mainframe based on transistors, originally with only a punched paper tape, but soon upgraded to punch cards. Proved a popular scientific computer and sold approximately 2,000 units. Used a kernel memory magnetic over 60,000 digits.

DEC launched the PDP-1, its first machine geared for use by technical staff in laboratories and research.

1964, IBM announced the S/360 series, which was the first family of computers that could run the same software at different combinations of speed, capacity and price. It also pioneered the commercial use of microprograms, and extended instruction set for processing many types of data, not just arithmetic. In addition, it unified the IBM product line, which prior to that time had two separate lines, a line of products "Commercial" and "scientific" line. The software provided with System/350 also included major advances, including commercially available multi-programming, new programming languages, and programs regardless of device input / output. More than 14,000 had been delivered System/360 in 1968.

DEC launched the smallest machine PDP-8, also intended for use by technical staff in laboratories and research

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The third generation of computers

computers The Third Generation (1965-1974)

the mid 60's saw the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip, by Jack St. Claire Kilby and Robert Noyce. After Ted Hoff was the invention of the microprocessor, at Intel. In late 1960, researchers like George Gamow noted that the nucleotide sequences in DNA formed a code, another form of coding or programming.

From this date, began to pack several tiny transistors and other electronic components on a single chip or package, containing within it a complete circuit, an amplifier, an oscillator or a logic gate. Naturally, with these chips (integrated circuits) was much easier to assemble complicated devices, radio or television receivers and computers.

In 1965, IBM announced the first group of machines built with integrated circuits, which was called the 360 \u200b\u200bseries.

These third generation computers replaced entirely by the second, introducing a form of programming that is still present in large computers.

This is what happened in (1964-1971) which includes the third generation of computers:

Lower power consumption reduction

Dear

space Increased reliability

Teleprocess

Multiprogramming

peripheral Renewal

minicomputers, not so expensive and hard-deprocesamiento. Some of the most popular were the PDP-8 and PDP-11

π was calculated (number Pi) with 500,000 decimal

Other characters that can be found in this generation are:

integrated circuits were developed to process information.

were developed chips to store and process information. A "chip" is a piece of silicon containing electronic components miniature called semiconductors.

integrated circuits recall data because they store information as electrical charges. Surge

multiprogramming.

Computers can perform both tasks of processing or mathematical analysis. Emerge

the software industry. "

minicomputers are developed IBM 360 and DEC PDP-1. Again

computers become smaller, lighter and more efficient.

They consumed less electricity, thus generating less heat.

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The fourth generation of computers

From 1974-1988, two improvements in computer technology marks the beginning of the fourth generation: the replacement of the memories with magnetic cores, for the silicon chip and the placement of many more components on a Chip: product micro-miniaturization of electronic circuits. The small size of microprocessor chips made possible the creation of personal computers (PC). Today

technologies LSI (large scale integration) and VLSI (very large scale integration) allow hundreds of thousands of electronic components are stored on a chip. Using VLSI, a manufacturer can make a small computer with a computer would rival the first generation that occupied an entire room. They made their big debut microcomputers.

Microcomputers or Personal Computers (PCs) had its origin with the creation of microprocessors. A microprocessor is "a computer on a chip" that is an independent integrated circuit. The PC's are computers for personal use and are relatively inexpensive and are now in offices, schools and homes.

The PC term is derived from that by the year 1981, IBM, she released her model "IBM PC" , which became a kind of ideal computer for use "personal" hence the term "PC" clones were standardized and subsequently took other companies that were called "PC compatible" processors using the same type as the IBM, but at a lower cost and can run the same type of program. There are other types of microcomputers, such as the Macintosh, which are not compatible with IBM, but in many cases they are also called "PC's", being of use. Microprocessor The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, produced in 1971. It was originally developed for a calculator, and it was revolutionary for its time. It contained 2,300 transistors in a 4-bit microprocessor that could perform only 60,000 operations per second. The first 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8008, developed in 1972 for use in computer terminals. The Intel 8008 contained 3,300 transistors. The first microprocessor actually designed for general use, developed in 1974, was the 8-bit Intel 8080, which contained 4,500 transistors and could execute 200,000 instructions per second. Modern microprocessors have a much greater speed and capacity.

These include the Intel Pentium Pro, with 5.5 million transistors, the UltraSparc-II, Sun Microsystems, which contains 5.4 million transistors, the PowerPC 620, developed jointly by Apple, IBM and Motorola, 7 million transistors, and the Alpha 21164A, Digital Equipment Corporation, with 9.3 million transistors. The microprocessor is an electronic circuit that acts as a central processing unit of a computer, providing control of the calculations.

microprocessors are also used in other advanced electronic systems, such as printers, automobiles and airplanes. In 1995 there were about 4,000 million chips worldwide. The microprocessor is a highly integrated circuit type. Integrated circuits, also known as microchips or chips, are complex electronic circuits consisting of extremely small components formed on a single thin, flat piece of semiconductor material known as