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THE HORSE OF A BAD DRINK

HERMINE BRAUNSTAINER (b. Vienna, 1919-m. Bochum, 1999)

few weeks ago appeared on the network photographs depicting guardians of the Nazi death camps in their spare time. The message of those documents appeared to be the most horrible crimes that were committed by ordinary people, like everyone else. Personally, the pictures of these girls smiling happy and playing while one of his colleagues reminded me playing accordion another photograph he had seen for years. The picture that heads this blog entry, showed Hermine Braunsteiner, better known among the inmates of the extermination camp of Majdanek as "the horse" because I used to pick on, sometimes fatally, by kicking them. For the people of Queens (New York), where he lived in the sixties, was Mrs. Ryan, the perfect neighbor who takes care of your children when you have a night out, and welcomes new residents of the neighborhood with a apple pie and a smile. Hermine
Braunsteiner was born in Vienna in 1919 within a rigid Catholic family. Although his dream was to become a nurse did not seem to height, and ended up working as a maid and later in the Heinkel aircraft factory , where he joined the Nazi party. In 1939 he began his career as a guardian in prison Ravensbrück, near Berlin, where he quickly stood out for its cruelty and sadism. In October 1942 she was transferred to the Majdanek camp in Poland, because of differences with their bosses. In Majdanek took a little rise, and turned to the selections of prisoners to the gas chambers. In 1964, several survivors of the fields related to Simon Wiesenthal as he had killed a shot between the eyes of a child that his father sought to conceal, or seemed to enjoy especially with whiplash which the inmates in the face. His "hobby" for the beating but did not increase kicks and prisoners knew to be selected to live by the medical field does not mean anything, because it was the horse he used to have the last word. Wiesenthal said that during the Holocaust most of the guards were ordinary people who, overwhelmed by what he had lived, just let go. Braunsteiner not belong to that majority, was among those who enjoyed the work they had given the new Nazi order.
In 1944, When Majdanek was evacuated before the arrival of Red Army Braunsteiner returned to Ravensbrück, where he escaped in 1945 when they were about to enter the Russians. In 1946 he was imprisoned by the Allies, who released the following year. In 1948 he was the new Austrian state which condemned the crimes committed in Ravensbrück. Just spent a year in jail. In 1949 he was pardoned by the government and it seems that crimes committed in Poland were never taken into account so far.
Since his release he worked in the hotel until she married in 1959, Ryan Russell, an American electrician with which he moved first to Halifax (Canada) and finally New York. The new Mrs. Ryan got an American citizen in 1963.
and New York probably would have lived happily until the end of his days but for a casual conversation that Simon Wiesenthal had with several survivors of Majdanek who told him about the mare in Tel Aviv in January 1964. Wiesenthal managed to find it in no time thanks to a collaborator, and that same year reported to U.S. immigration service that Baraunsteiner had lied on his record for naturalization. Knowing that deporting an American citizen would be at least difficult, Wiesenthal also informed the press that immediately became interested in the case. In July Joseph Lelyveld, a young reporter for the New York Times , he visited her home in Queens and wrote an article that announced the case to the public. Despite everything Braunsteiner no nationality was withdrawn until 1971, after years of struggle that had the inestimable help of neighbors, unable to believe the accusations, testified in his favor, as well as several American neo-Nazi groups organized a fundraising campaign through publications such as the Liberty Bell magazine ; funds were used later to pay for defending and supporting the family during the trial. Once removed
nationality Poland, the Federal Republic Germany requested his extradition. Afraid of what could happen to the other side of the Iron Curtain, Braunsteiner agreed to be tried by the Germans. He was extradited in 1973 and the trial lasted from 1975 to 1981, in part by the number of witnesses (to be judged collectively several warders at Majdanek) and partly by the delaying tactics of the defense was to challenge the entire court.
On May 30, 1981 was sentenced to life imprisonment. He remained in prison until 1996, when it was released for health reasons. Suffered from severe diabetes was complicated, so we had to amputate a leg. Until his death in 1999 lived in Bochum, near Dortmund, with her husband who had waited in Germany that lasted all through his imprisonment and assistance from the American neo-Nazi and relief organizations such as Nazi criminals Stille Hilfe who ran Himmler's daughter.

When Should You Wear A Jockstrap

MAJDANEK

MAX JOSEPH von Pettenkofer (n. Lichtenheim, 1818-m. Munich, 1901)

On other occasions I have spoken to scientists who occupied the whole of his life to pursue theories that ultimately became true impasses and, ultimately, made them lose the recognition they deserved to follow another path and become mere anecdotes history of science. In other cases, a successful career and scientific advances that build an impeccable reputation is followed by a final stubbornness in an erroneous theory that detracts from the work of a lifetime and also in the story just by being passed into history despite past achievements. This would be more or less the case of Max Von Pettenkofer. Nephew
surgeon Bavarian court, Von Pettenkofer studied pharmacy and medicine at Munich, where he taught from 1853 and subsequently occupied the chairs of dietary chemistry (1847) and sanitation (1857), a field which would become a of the major pioneers, founded in 1875 the first Institute of Hygiene in the world. For his achievements was knighted in 1883 and became president of the Bavarian Academy in 1889. Initially
Von Pettenkofer was more attracted by the physiology field that also achieved notable successes as a technique for identifying bile acids, the discovery of the metabolic role of substances such as creatinine and creatine or development along to Karl von Voit a model of respiratory metabolism.
later became interested in public health and hygiene, which tried to apply the knowledge gained in the laboratory. In 1873 he published "On the value of health a city "and in 1882" Treaty of Hygiene "in which lays the foundations for the field, emphasizing the importance of good water and a good network of sewage disposal, but also in social causes disease such as overcrowding or poor nutrition, which hitherto were not considered so important.
However, despite these successes, von Pettenkofer was throughout his life an advocate of telluric theory, which was simply an update of the old miasma theory. Faced with new advances in microbiology began to see the origin of many diseases in microorganisms, the theory telluric argued that the origin of diseases such as typhoid or cholera was on fumes of the land and groundwater. In 1883
Robert Koch isolated the agent of cholera (Vibrio cholerae ) in Egypt and found that living in the human intestine and is transmitted through water. In fact the Vibrio cholerae had been isolated previously and by the Italian Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his work was ignored by a preponderance of the miasma theory. In addition, previously, John Snow British had already allocated to water the spread of cholera in 1849 and that same William Budd years had seen "microscopic objects" in the waters of Bristol infected quarters that were not present in the water in the neighborhoods free of infection. Snow in 1854 cut short an outbreak by closing a single public source of London's Soho which had observed that water got all concerned.
Even with all this evidence against Von Pettenkofer argued that although microorganisms were undoubtedly a role in the spread of infection, was passing through the ground which gave them their pathogenicity and, therefore, the infection came from the subsequent emanation in the air and not consumption contaminated water. To demonstrate this, in 1892 drank with several of his disciples water with a milliliter of a culture of Vibrio cholerae a sick after eating baking soda for stomach acid did not prevent the action of the microorganism. It seems that after Koch wrote the following note: "Herr Doctor Pettenkofer has drunk the entire crop and is happy to report to Herr Doctor Professor Koch that continues in his usual state of good health."
However, in reality, the thing was so beautiful it seems. Pettencofer suffered bowel sounds and mild diarrhea, and several of his disciples suffered the ravages of the disease for at least a week. Today it is known that gastric acidity than other factors that influence the degree of susceptibility to the disease in each person, and that not everyone who drinks contaminated water is passed. Obviously these factors are related to the microorganism and genetic characteristics and host constitutional, not interaction with the soil or groundwater. The call
Experimentum von Pettenkofer Cross has gone down in history of science as a case of self-sacrifice and heroism, but we should ask how much responsibility on him human stupidity and arrogance of the old professor who does not want to budge to new times. With time and the evidence miasma theory was finally abandoned. The apparent triumph of Pettenkofer proved to be his swansong. Nevertheless
to Pettenkofer is best remembered for his contributions to science by their particular time of blindness, and was a respected member of the scientific community throughout her long life. A life in fact it seems too long, which led to his suicide at age 81 before the loneliness at having lost all their loved ones.

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Edgardo Mortara (b. Bologna, 1851-m. Belgium, 1940)

I knew the story I'm about to tell reading the book "The God Delusion Richard Dawkins of . Like Dawkins, I am of the view that children are not Catholic, or Jewish children, Muslim or Buddhist or children. Children should be just kids.
Edgardo Mortara was born in Bologna in a family of Jewish merchants formed by Salomone and Marianna Padovani Mortara. With his eight children and the rather complex situation of Jews living in the Papal States mid-nineteenth century, the Mortara went ahead with a small upholstery business articles without being aware of the tricks they were to play the destination and the Santa Mother Catholic Church.
the evening of July 23, 1858 the police arrived at the Mortara house with orders to take the small Edgardo at that time was only just over six years. At first the police agreed to give parents of Edgardo one day to clarify the matter before taking him in view of the pathetic table they should have been present that night. After recourse to the Bologna Inquisitor, having been where the Inquisition had left the order to take the child, parents were informed that Edgardo had been baptized and, according to the laws of the Papal States, a Catholic child could not be educated by a Jewish family. Later the family came to the conclusion that the boy had been baptized by a Catholic maid illiterate 14, Morisi Anna, who had worked for when Edgardo Mortara was a baby. Tormented by the belief that if he died without being baptized Edgardo go straight to hell, the maid had consulted with a neighbor who had advised him to baptize the child herself with a few drops of water. The thing would not have gone more if after leaving the home of the Mortara Morisi Anna had not told the story to someone who, in turn, it was a priest who rushed to report the matter to the Inquisition. That
way papal authorities took Edgardo to the House of catechumens, in Rome, a school dedicated to children Jewish converts who, to make matters worse, fed from taxes that the Jews of the Papal States were paid.
The news of the kidnapping was quickly disseminated throughout the world and soon began to arrive protests from Jewish organizations and figures from across Europe and America, but also from friendly countries like the France of Napoleon III , whose troops defended at the time the Pope attempts to King of Piedmont was to unify Italy. People like James Rothschild , lender of the Pope interest in the kidnapping and managed to raise a sum of money allowed to travel to Rome Solomone Mortara. Anticlerical Italian press was also responsible for spreading the word to the four winds. There were protests in nations like Britain through diplomatic channels.
Nevertheless, the Pope Pius IX refused to reconsider its decision. To their thinking it was incredible that the other did not see the favor that the child was sacándole the ghetto and the conditions of oppression under which Jews lived in the Papal States, conditions, moreover, that the Pope had softened the elected but soon had reimposed once convinced car that Jews were part of the liberal conspiracy that would end the earthly domain of the Church. Mortara Solomone
traveled to Rome and saw his son several times, never alone, until the failing health of his wife, who ended up losing his mind, and his business forced him to return to Bologna, where he eventually ruined the unable to overcome their drama and living off of aid they received from Jews throughout Europe. In 1859 Bologna was annexed by Piedmont and Mortara King sought to have them back his son. But Edgar was in Rome, who would become part of the new Italy until 1870. That year, one of his brothers, who served in the army Italian, could see upon entering the Eternal City Piedmontese troops. Edgardo was 19, studying at a seminary and had spent the last 13 in a continuous brainwashing church, no wonder he did not want to know about yours. They refused to return to his family and the fact that he had the legal age of majority, the Church took him out of Italy and was ordained a priest in France at age 23, taking the name of Pius in honor of Pius IX, the "foster parent." He was then sent as a missionary to Germany, it seems that with the task of converting Jews of that country. Later he returned to see his family on several occasions and tried without much successful conversion to Catholicism. His father died in 1871, in 1895 Edgar attended the funeral of his mother. In 1897 he was in the United States, where his efforts to convert American Jews were a source of trouble for his superiors. In a country that had religious freedom flag, Edgardo bigotry must seem at least misplaced. In 1912 he spoke for the canonization of Pius IX. He died in 1940 in a Belgian monastery.
The story of Edgardo Mortara sobering today. Obviously the Catholic Church today is not 1858, although in recent times we live in a marked decline in most totalitarian times as shown for example the beatification of Pius IX in 2000 by Pope John Paul II as a counterweight to the more progressive of John XXIII. The Church today speaks constantly of his defense of the family and now fight against those who want to impose their "secular dogmas" to new generations. It seems that the Mortara case speaks very clearly of what is for them to defend the family. The Catholic family, the others have not, of course. About the Church dogmas certainly knows a lot, and it hurts as it is natural to replace his own, albeit much more tolerant of others and in that sense I would say more Christians. In different sources I read to write about the case, the apologists of Pius IX constantly reminded that even the kidnapping of Jewish children (that of Edgardo Mortara, to be the most famous, he is not unique. Similar cases have occurred up to 1864) seems perverse to us in our time, Pius IX took place convinced have right on their side and to be doing better. We could argue that the same thing always felt great criminals of history.
In his book, Dawkins reflects on the evil that any religion can cause, not just Christianity, and at one point said that although the kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara will no doubt to the history of infamy, Edgardo's parents could have prevented him being taken simply by being baptized. There is an argument against their parents, not against the Catholic Church in particular, but against any irrational belief that can destroy the life of a child.