Monday, October 2, 2006

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KIDNAPPED THE FOUR BORN JULY


Ikuko Toguri (b. Los Angeles, 1916 - m. Chicago, 2006)

The Sept. 26 died at age 90 Iva Toguri d'Aquino, better known at home and Tokyo Rose, the name by which the relationship from the forties and do not really belong to anyone. Tokyo Rose was named as the Allied soldiers who fought in the Pacific during World War II to the announcers propaganda programs and psychological warfare issued by the Japan government. And would the Japanese version of the famous Axis Sally or later Hanoi Hanna of the Vietnam War. In reality, the announcers were several, but the old woman who has just died will be remembered by that name for what happened after the war and has more to do with the ability of media to create a myth and / or a scapegoat in specified circumstances, any history of espionage and treason.
Iva (born Ikuko) Toguri, California came into the world on American national holiday in 1916. Japanese traders daughter emigrated to America, studied zoology at UCLA, then worked in the import business from their parents but wanted to study medicine. In July 1941, his mother sent to Japan to care for his sick sister, so that the attack on Pearl Harbor surprised in a strange country where hardly speak the language. Beset by Japanese police, refused to renounce their nationality, and began working as a typist at Radio Tokyo to survive. There he met the greatest Australian Charles Cousens, famous radio in his country, which had been taken prisoner by the Japanese and worked with them in their propaganda broadcasts. Cousens looking for voices for Zero Hour program aimed at Allied soldiers in the Pacific front, and Iva began working for him in 1943, radio news and music under the pseudonym Orphan Ann. Actually Cousens and colleagues tried to do as little damage as possible with their "siren song" and did so well that the secret services allies acknowledged at the end of the war that these programs not only do not adversely affect the morale of the troops, but the rising
After the war, Iva Toguri, who in 1945 had married a Japanese man of Portuguese origin, Felipe Aquino, began to consider returning to the United States, but was left without means to do so because they had traveled Japan without a passport. In September 1945, some American journalists offered a reward to anyone who knew anything about Tokyo Rose, and a companion radio informed them that it was Iva Toguri. At first he offered money for her story, admitting even signed a contract to be Tokyo Rose met with the idea of \u200b\u200breturning to the United States. However, reporters complained to the American counter-espionage services was detained and investigated by the FBI and allied intelligence, without being guilty of anything (in fact they knew there was Tokyo Rose) as she was released . The following year he again requested a passport to return to his country, which came the ears of some veterans' associations and the media, especially the journalist Walter Winchell , who organized a campaign that raised public opinion and convinced the State Department to re-arrest, which Iva Toguri returned to his country 1948 accused of treason. The trial took place in 1949. Previously, U.S. officials had sought witnesses and evidence, as most were destroyed after the first FBI investigation that found innocent. In the process some irregularities occurred, it was discovered that he had paid to witnesses who were never removed and tests were inconclusive, but the pressure media and the public ended up doing that the defendant to 10 years in prison for only one of eight charges of treason for which he was charged.
In 1956 he was released from prison, reduced his sentence for good behavior, and had to confront the government tried to deport her, this time won.
In 1976 the television program 60 Minutes told the story from the point of view of the protagonist, making public opinion changed in his favor, and getting President Gerald Ford finally exonerated the following year. In 1980 she divorced her husband, who had never been able to respond to the United States. Felipe D'Aquino died in 1996. From 77 Iva Toguri d'Aquino did what he had been denied for so many years, living a normal life, taking the family business until he died last Tuesday in Chicago.

Saturday, September 30, 2006

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William Bradford Shockley (b. London, 1910 - d. Stanford, 1989)

I have a special fondness for reading about the lives of great scientists. It is often found that men are as brilliant examples in their work and in personal relationships or in their particular beliefs are the least. Most times the genius comes with eccentric and often attitudes beliefs and actions are difficult to assimilate for ordinary mortals. An example of what I say is William Shockley, one of the minds that shaped the world as we know it today, Nobel Prize winner in Physics in 1956 and dogged advocate of racial theories and eugenics really shocking taken to extremes .
Shockley was born in London in 1910, the son of an engineer and surveyor who decided they could give your child a perfect education without leaving home, soon stood out for its high intellectual level as much as for their difficulties in understanding others . He studied at the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech), a Ph.D. from MIT in 1936 and immediately went to work at Bell Labs in New Jersey, where he quickly developed several patents. During the war he worked on several projects related to radar and antisubmarine warfare, for which he received the Medal of Merit in 1946.
After the war continued in the laboratories of Bell, who was then looking for an alternative to vacuum lamps as amplifiers of electrons. A Shockley came up with using an electric field that increased the conductivity of the semiconductor on which it is applied. And on this idea John Bardeen and Walter Brattain managed to build the first transistor in 1947. Although Shockley had suggested the idea starting and participating in some stages of theoretical development, not figured in several subsequent patents because their idea of \u200b\u200bthe electric field had been patented in the thirties by Julius Lilienfeld , so Shockley, feeling cheated, continued working independently and in the years that followed almost revolutionized the world of electronics with their progress. In 1951 he patented the junction transistor that completely overtook the market earlier. That same year he was appointed a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Despite all this display of genius, the truth is that Shockley was at best a difficult person to deal with, what I fell out with his staff and it appears that stopped him from moving up the Bell, so in 1955 decided to become independent and create your own company, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory , and tried to take some of his former colleagues from Bell. None accepted. In 1954 also had divorced his first wife to marry again next year with a professor of nursing. It seems that the front of your character worse company, and started to become quite paranoid. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize along with Bardeen and Brattain to those who held some time despite not speaking. In 1957 Shockley refused to work with new silicon transistors, which made eight of its engineers left the company and founded Fairchild Semiconductor that, together with Texas Instruments , would create the first integrated circuits and would be the basis for the later Intel . Finally, in 1961, Shockley sold his business and he taught at Stanford until his death in 1989 for prostate cancer. In those years still managed several patents in the electronics field, but his bad temper made him away to their children, who learned the news of his death by the press.
Apart from the above, during the last decades of his life Shockley became interested in eugenics. I thought America had a serious problem dysgenesis as less intelligent people tend to reproduce more, so in theory people tended to become less and less intelligent. A Shockley seems that he was concerned especially blacks, who thought they were less intelligent than whites according to general studies of IQ Arthur Jensen, who in 1969 published an article which stated that blacks were on average half an IQ 15 points lower than whites, and that this difference was not due to genetics and socially depressed environment in which they lived the majority of African Americans in the 60's. Convinced of his ideas, Shockley is dedicated to spreading by the United States through a campaign of lectures and even proposed it would be nice to offer money to anyone who had an IQ below 100 to be left sterile. Of course all this caused quite a stir in the university of Stanford, getting students to burn his effigy. His obsession even led him to persuade the billionaire Robert Klark Graham to create the Repository for Germinal Choice , a sperm bank which would keep the best genes among which were those of Nobel laureates and their own course.
must be said that the controversy over the CI continues today. At the end of the 70 published another study which stated that the Japanese gave on average 15 points higher on the test than white Americans. Obviously, the same voices who advocated that the difference between whites and blacks was genetic opted this time for a deficiency in the American school system.

Monday, September 18, 2006

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TRANSISTORS AND EUGENICS THE LEGEND OF THE PROCEEDINGS LOST


EDWARD DRUMMOND (b. Bristol, 1680 - m. Ocracoke, 1718)

Funny how legends are about characters that were actually very different from how the paint. An example of what I say is undoubtedly the famous pirate Blackbeard, who has spent prototype in history as a profession in his day was his last legs and that had nothing to do with the growth achieved in previous centuries and was beginning to look more like what would become smugglers and gangsters.
is believed that Blackbeard, whose real name was Edward Drummond, born in Bristol in 1680 in the midst of a lower middle class family and it seems that very young enlisted as a merchant seaman. Nothing is known of his career to that during the War of English Succession sailed as a privateer in the West Indies, and changed his name to Edward Teach, probably thinking back once the real return less controversial activities. The case Drummond or teach is that learning the craft over the pirate captain's orders Hornygold and must have done well because it was soon in command of his own ship, a captured French merchantman which he renamed Queen Anne's Revenge . Once the war ended in 1713, Teach followed orders Hornygold as a pirate until he filed for an amnesty for George I in 1716 and left in front of the business. In the two years after he built his reputation Teach prototype Pirate of the Caribbean, but the truth is operated rather little in the sea but rather in the waters of Virginia and the Carolinas, on the coast eastern North America, which at that time were more popular. Nor is it true that mainly devoted to plunder English ships, in fact his solo career began with the collapse of British merchant Great Allen off the American coast and the subsequent battle with the British warship Scarborough, which had to flee with tails between their legs but earned him his nickname Blackbeard. Teach in the waters of Honduras signed a treaty to operate with another pirate who had become quite famous in those days, Stede Bonnet, a planter of Barbados's crazy that that was done to escape a filibuster wife too irritating. Blackbeard soon realized that his colleague did not really know much about navigation, so that became the real leader of this society that dealt with British freighters and then sell the loot in the American colonies at lower prices, making the Americans were quite willing in principle to the pirates, who were receiving in their cities and felt something like a romantic hero.
In January 1718, Blackbeard was presented with a fleet of four ships to Charleston for a week was devoted to plunder as many ships entering the port, making the way with a number of hostages that ended up changing for medicine for his men before the impotence the governor of the city. Previously they had been robbed of all their property and valuables that soon after sold, along with the loot from the ships approached, the colonists of North Carolina. Carolina learned that the king had issued a pardon for pirates another so that, after stealing the loot from Bonnet, sank the Queen Anne's Revenge and established himself as a planter in Bathtown. It had to claim that their booty in fact come to plunder English and French and not the king himself gave him a pardon, which does not seem to have been denied by the Americans who knew about their misdeeds. Seeking respectability, Teach married daughter another planter in the area (although it is said that fourteen women had other "legitimate"), but it seems that the sedentary lifestyle did not like too much because in June 1718 he sailed again with his men and went on to sell "protection" sailing ships through the area in the manner of the Chicago gangsters of the 20's. Although this business does not satisfy him for long and soon returned to plunder the ships directly, then selling their goods in collusion with Governor Charles Eden and his secretary Tobias Knight. Finally, in October, began to loot with a small sloop, the Adventure , plantations cotton on the banks of the James River in Virginia. The governor of this state, Alexander Spotswood less tolerant than Eden, quickly sent two frigates to the mouth of the river, but Blackbeard miraculously managed to slip away and took refuge in the bay of Ocranoke. On November 20 she met another sloop commanded by Lieutenant Maynard who, after a fierce battle, cut off his head and returned triumphant to her Bathtown hung on the bowsprit of his ship.
And as with this type of character, his death was only the beginning of the legend. The stories told in life on the giant boats that approached the cannon fuses lit tied his beard, and had no pity for anyone who successfully repaid, began to come to life. His pact with Satan, surely he advertised himself in his day to raise the terror instilled in the crews of the ships and, above all, the treasure allegedly buried after sinking the Queen Anne's Revenge , have made him appear in the popular imagination as the archetype of the pirate, but actually the time when galleons full of gold was looted by other hackers had spent many years and their prey were most of the time shipments or items were manufactured in Great Britain bound for the American colonies. Still, There are still people looking for a treasure that will almost certainly never existed.

Thursday, August 10, 2006

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Blackbeard (JUNE & JULY) THE ANNALS


Well, now I promise to continue writing right now (and if anyone is still interested). While there are two columns start in notebook : June, on catastrophes in antiquity and July on the life of Hung Hsiu-chuan and the Taiping Rebellion.

Thursday, May 11, 2006

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LOST (MAY)

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Finally, a half a loaf is better than none, and you can read the May column "Annals lost" on "The Jewish empire of the steppes" to notebook.

Thursday, April 27, 2006

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LOST THE PROCEEDINGS (APR)


From day 11, this month you can read a new column, this time on the "strange" case of Rudolph Fenz in http://www.librodenotas.com/losanalesperdidos/ . If you pass by this blog from time to time, have noticed that over a month since I wrote in it, a matter of time (or rather lack of it) I hope to follow shortly with more characters.

Sunday, March 26, 2006

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A HUMANIST


JOSE DE ACOSTA (n. Medina del Campo, 1540 - m. Salamanca, 1600)

studied at Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares, and in 1572 was sent to Peru by the Society of Jesus. He taught theology in Lima and held various church offices in the colony, in 1576 he was appointed provincial of the order and founded several colleges across the length and breadth of the country, traveling constantly for him, thus gaining a great knowledge of Peruvian land and its people then usher in their writings. In 1583 participates in the Third Council of Lima, where Christian doctrine is translated into Quechua and Aymara, to facilitate the evangelization of the Indians. Acosta left Peru in 1585 Mexico Road, where he remained for 3 years before returning to Spain. In 1592 he traveled to Rome to defend their reformist ideas based on what he had seen and lived in the Americas, in opposition to General Order in the V Congregation of the Society of Jesus. But the order is finally sided with the General, so that Acosta was disgraced and had to return beaten Spain. In 1597 he was appointed rector at the College of Salamanca, where he died in February 1600.
Fray José de Acosta, and one of the advocates of the Indians during the colonial period, was undoubtedly a humanist and scientific precursor of modern thought and of geography as we know it today. Among his works, and apart from a lavish production theological stand Salute Indorum De Procuranda (1588) and De enactment Evangelii apud Barbaros (1588) on its work of evangelization in America, in which he criticized the way in which secular and religious led some English in the colonies and their difficult behavior preach something totally opposite of what the Indians saw every day, although many of these criticisms were censored before publication of the work. However, as Fray José attain global recognition would be by two of his works: De Natura Novi Orbis (1588) and, above all, his Natural and Moral History of the Indies (1590). Fray José summarized them practically new geographical knowledge that had emerged from the findings and criticized the old notions of geography based on Greco-Roman classics and the Bible. While one can say that it is easy to talk for example about the roundness of the earth after trip Magallanes, the work of the Jesuit is full of other extrapolations from what was known at that time which later proved very successful such as the existence of Australia or the idea that the Indians came to America from Asia by a narrow strip of land or that should unite the two continents to the north and would not be discovered until 1728 by the Danish Vitus Bering :

"This speech I have said is for me a big assumption to think that the new world, we call India, divisive and not entirely separate from another world. And tell me, I have for me days ago, the earth and the other one somewhere else, together, and continue, or at least far ahead and comers. So far at least there is no certainty to the contrary. Because the Arctic pole, called North, it is discovered and known throughout the length of the earth ... "

Acosta also did not believe in his work (giving all sorts of explanations that today strike us as more rational ) of classic such as the Atlantis of Plato, which would have left the people of America, or that American Indians came from the lost tribes of Israel , according to some basis in the Bible, and others simply ridiculed like the idea of \u200b\u200bSt. Augustine that if the earth was round the antipodes should live upside down. Acosta was thus a precursor of the new science is going to leave behind the principle of authority of the classics and, above all, of the Holy Scriptures to base their knowledge on everything on our own experience and reason, and it is strange to think that a XVI century Jesuit could have a more open mind Some people in our brand new century, who refuse to see beyond what the Bible says.

Saturday, March 18, 2006

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SATURNINO OF LUCAS (n. Mudrián, 1911 - m. Mudrián, 1970)

The condemnation from the Council of Europe of the Franco dictatorship and to recommend measures such as declaring the July 18 day dedicated to the victims or to the Valley of the Fallen a memorial museum came yesterday to join what many voices have been calling for some time from our country, ie to stop distorting the truth about what were 40 years of brutal dictatorship that left Spain orphan children some of their most prominent . The Franco regime was not a "soft dictatorship" necessary as some say, or democracy as almost a sure others, was an authoritarian regime that began with the murder of thousands opponents and forced many more into exile abroad or In many cases, in their own country, forced into silence by fear of death. Internal exile even reached some of the "winners" whose ideals did not expect that brought victory bring. Perhaps the most glaring victim of that internal exile were called moles. Buried alive by the terror of being murdered in the wall a cemetery, many of them, who were leaders or simply supporters of leftist parties, began to come to light in the late 60's and early 70's with successive amnesty decrees, as the Republican mayor of the village Mudrián Segovia, who returned to life after 34 years.
Saturnino de Lucas, the second of eight children, was born into a poor family of resin. From the fifteen months was crippled by polio, yet they had to start working from 6 years since he earned his father gave to support the family. Despite his disability for which he received the nickname "the lame", he worked in the resin as their elders, and chipping, swineherd and messenger of the people. Although he had little opportunity to attend school, their teachers then were fixed on him and tried to study, but the enmity of his father Juan Marcelo del Campo, the mayor and chief of the village, made it even refuse scholarships requiring that the teacher not to admit him in school. However, thanks to the classes that the same teacher gave his fans boo and the studio got a basic education that earned him several jobs for an insurance salesman and agent throughout the region who had at the same time that the office that cobbler. In addition, interest in the law, and although time and again Mayor Mudrián denied the grants applied for him by the priest and the teacher did not know enough to represent the working poor in the region in multiple lawsuits, which he alienated most of the chiefs of the area. He even make a competition for village secretary of Toledo Torrijos, but could not take possession of the place by not having 25. His defense of the workers will be getting charges made in their organizations, but does not like politics because more than anything was an idealist. In 1933 he was appointed president of the UGT in the area, and in 1936 Delegate of the Popular Front. Finally he was appointed mayor by the governor Mudrián Segovia had Marcelo del Campo deposed for alleged embezzlement.
At the beginning of civil war Saturnino de Lucas remained in his post despite Segovia quickly opted by the rebels. In the early days came in the village a group of workers Cuéllar with intent to murder the priest. Saturnino's faced and saved his life the pastor, with whom he had always gotten along since he was a religious man and that Mudrián, unlike many other places, the priests had supported almost always against the lowly chiefs . On July 24 that appeared were a group of Falangists another nearby town seeking the mayor because the chiefs of the area had given 60,000 pesetas for his head. They searched all over town, even took his family and friends to be tortured, but did not find him. The lame was where nobody looked. His friendship with the priest that earned him back the favor by hiding in the trunk of a block from the church where she was held until 1940. For nearly four years remained hidden by the priest, living all day in the chest and out only at night to smoke and chat with the priest. But the years of hiding his friend took their toll on the mind of the priest, who eventually lost his head and was about to discover. In February 1940 he had to leave his hiding place, hiding in his house parents. Went to live in a garret of two by four meters in which it was impossible to stand up and whose only contact with the outside world was hidden in a small opening adobe murillo by feeding him and furnish him what he needed. With a small typewriter and a radio went blind even the wives of his brothers and his nephews the next thirty years, enduring temperatures of more than 50 º C in summer and below -20 º C in winter, living experiences as the death of her mother in 1959 or the constant fear of the frequent records of the house by the Falange and civil guards in the sole company of his books and his brothers at night from the other side of the wall. Despite their situation, continued to conduct their business of commercial agent by his brothers and a diary, a novel or even a treaty of magic, which was very fond.
finally emerged from his confinement on April 30, 1970 after the general amnesty. His health was not good, and when interviewed by Jesus Manuel Torbado and Leguineche for his book "The mole" (El País-Aguilar) was a man used to live in darkness accompanied only by his thoughts. Rambled and was anxious to tell the world everything he had discovered in his years of solitude: techniques of suggestion and read strange cures out there (he to him only 5 teeth removed), the secret to world peace. His image was that of a Don Quixote who had had years to read too, but despite some oddities like those in general had been better informed about what was happening in the world that his brothers and nephews, more concerned with daily life. He died on December 6, just over seven months after leaving his makeshift cell.
in his book Leguineche Torbado and that even in 1970 when he learned that the cripple lived, Juan Marcelo del Campo walked the streets of the town whispering: "You have to kill, must kill!

Monday, March 13, 2006

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Mudrián MAYOR OF THE PROCEEDINGS LOST THE GRAND MUFTI


Since Saturday
regular readers of the blog you can read if you want in http://www.librodenotas.com/ a new column that aims to be something like this blog but which I hope to have some interesting stories without limitation imposed by the biographies. The column in question will come from 11 of each month, which means the blog will not disappear. You can find it in http://www.librodenotas.com/losanalesperdidos/ The first deals with the English diplomat Sanz Briz and the Jewish question in the Franco era. Hope you like it.
Jose Antonio del Valle

Thursday, March 2, 2006

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Muhammad Amin al-Husseini (b. Jerusalem, 1893 - d. Cairo, 1974)

Born into one of the richest and most powerful clans in the Ottoman province of Palestine, studied Islamic law in Cairo and Istanbul after administration. In 1913 he completed his pilgrimage to Mecca and in 1914 he volunteered to fight in the Ottoman army in the world war. Later, in the Turkish defeat, changed his coat and helped the British after 1917, shortly became a Zionist agitator who finished behind bars after being one of those who incited riots against Jews in 1920. In the early twenties Jews represented about a 10% population of Palestine and its relationship with its Arab neighbors was of mutual tolerance. However, during the following decade saw the immigration of some 100,000 Jews, attracted by the British promise to create a state for them. This increased the tension between both communities, and caused them to appear fanatics like al-Husseini. In July 1920 took charge of the new British administrator, Sir Herbert Samuels, who after the death of Mufti of Jerusalem in 1921, forgiven al-Husseini who had escaped from prison and fled to Transjordan, and appointed him Grand Mufti life provided that maintain the order. However
al-Husseini did not intend to deliver. From the first moment ended any attempt at collaboration with the Zionists, and its major achievements include the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque were always aimed at giving life to a growing nationalist religious movement that had sole purpose to drive the Jews. His mandate was marked by increasing violence against Zionists and Arabs lukewarm in dealing with them. In 1929, again instigated riots against the Jews, whom he accused of attacking and defiling mosques, which claimed many victims. But it was in 1936 when saw the largest Arab revolt. Given the increasing influx of Jews fleeing the Nazis, Arab leaders headed by Grand Mufti organized an escalation of violence that would last three years and that al-Husseini used to try to eliminate the Jews, but also killed many Arab rival clans. The revolt became a little war to begin attacks also Jewish Irgun, which the British eventually had to hire a fund to pacify the area.
In 1937 the British exiled in Syria, declaring him guilty of the murder of the commissioner for Galilee. Later supported the rebellion against the British instigated by the Germans in 1941. Al-Husseini called for jihad against the Allies from his exile in Baghdad for what ultimately was forced to flee to Germany where he was treated like a guest in luxury. He met Hitler in November 41. In principle, the German leader was interested in using it as leader of a pan-Arab movement that once they join the German troops from the Caucasus. The Grand Mufti is dedicated to recruiting while Bosnian Muslims for the SS, launching propaganda slogans in Arabic on the radio against the allies and their "bosses" Jews, and wait for Rommel troops arrived to Palestine while lived like royalty with a $ 10,000 monthly pension from the German government as the leader of a non-existing pan-Arab government. In 1944, with war already decided, he tried to instigate a revolt in Syria last failed miserably. In the meantime, the British had decided it was better to curry favor with the Arabs as they won the war. Banned the arrival of more Jews to Palestine and Arab managed to bring many of you, some even coming to fight the Nazis in the allied army. Later in the
Nuremberg trials came to light its relationship with Eichmann, Himmler and other hierarchs Nazis who, apparently, he came to arrange visits to the gas chambers of Auschwitz . It seems that his friendship with Eichmann went back to the riots of 1936-39, paid in part by the Nazis. While in Germany was especially interested in the extermination of the Jews and had planned a death camp in Nablus for the event that finally beat the Nazis. There is in 1942 Himmler complained to the trade that the Germans would do with the Red Cross of 10,000 Jewish children in exchange for prisoners Germans and, as a consequence, the exchange was suspended and children deported.
After the war, the allies declared war criminal Yugoslavia and requested his extradition for crimes committed by the SS troops who had recruited and fanatic. Yet managed to reach France and then fled to Egypt where he was received like a hero. It seems that the allies withdrew their trial before the most likely answer that it could cause in the Arab world.
In 1948 he joined those who organized the war against the new state of Israel. After the defeat of the Arabs became a character uncomfortable for the successive kings of Jordan granted the title of Mufti others and prevented him from returning to Jerusalem for fear that would cause further unrest. He eventually died in exile in 1974. The leadership of the Palestinians then took his nephew Yasser Arafat . The government of Israel did not allow to be buried in Jerusalem.

Monday, February 20, 2006

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MINCED


Glyndwr MICHAEL (n.Gales, 1909 - d. London, 1943)

In the spring of 1943 things began to go wrong for the Germans after suffering the defeat of Stalingrad and have been virtually expelled from North Africa . The next logical step for the Western allies was a foothold in Europe, and the most appropriate place for this was Sicily, both for its proximity to the newly conquered Tunisian coasts as being a sort of large aircraft that made it possible German air operations in the Mediterranean. The invasion of the island had been planned months in advance and had concluded that a direct attack would be suicidal, because the Germans knew that was the place that more ballots had to be attacked. However, a couple of British intelligence officers, Ewen Montangu and Charles Cholmondeley, they thought that it might be possible through a ruse to convince the enemy that would attack the other side. Cholmondeley had been working with the idea of \u200b\u200blaunching a corpse parachuted into enemy territory with incriminating documents, but later rejected the plan that seemed too crude to fool anyone. However it was thought that if the body seemed to be the victim of a plane crash over the sea the deception would be more likely to thrive, so Montangu Cholmondeley and went looking for a body that could pass drowned in an autopsy. The body was provided by the pathologist Bernard Spillsbury, it was a 34 year old man whose death from pneumonia made him perfect to simulate a drowning man having waterlogged lungs. The family gave their consent to know it was for a special service and would be buried with honors once done this, only asked that his real name is not revealed. Once you have the body, dubbed the operation as Montangu Mincemeat (minced meat) in a display of black humor. The next thing was to create an identity that the Germans could take it for real, and thus was born Major William Martin of the Royal Marines. It was assumed that Martin was a specialist in amphibious operations carrying a letter from General Sir Archibald Nye, deputy chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Alexander , head of the 18 th Army Group, which could be read between the lines that invasion would be in Sardinia and Greece rather than Sicily. Also had another letter from Sir Louis Mountbatten , Chief of combined operations for the Admiral Cunningham in which Martin described the curriculum while he dropped the odd hint of the attack on Sardinia. Besides the letters, and Cholmondeley Montangu filled the pockets of the corpse with all that could lead a true British officer, from letters and a picture of his fiancee, who was not only one of the secretaries of the secret service, to a letter from the bank warning that was in the red after buying a ring for his girlfriend, identity cards for those who had to find a similar model and photographing the dead, keys, coins, tickets to a play of truth, etc.. Up I created a personality, was that Martin was something despistadillo in his private life and some of his documents were reservations about losing the real thing. Even had a letter in which his father was upset about his impending marriage. Once created
lure, had to think where to place it. It was decided that the best thing to appear on the English coast. Despite being a non-belligerent state, the affinity with Berlin was sufficient (Blue Division would not withdraw until the end of 1943) for the British insisting that any document that came into English hands end up in the Abwehr . The following was riding the dead in the submarine HMS Seraph between extensive security measures. The crew thought that the metal container was carrying a new weather buoy, and the officers knew only what they had just before leaving it in the sea a few meters from a beach in Huelva. So on April 30, a fisherman found the body of Martin who was carrying a briefcase with documents subject to his wrist by a chain.
As expected, a few hours the English authorities had made copies of the documents and they had been handed over to the Germans to the impatience to regain the British naval attache briefcase that knew no guile, and that he had said it was retrieve vital. Meanwhile, Martin was buried in the cemetery of La Soledad with military honors.
The arrival of the documents at the hands of Hitler, did it reinforce its troops in Sardinia and Greece, removing even two Panzer divisions from the Russian front would have been very useful in the battle of Kursk to cover the Peloponnese. Also removed most of the air and naval forces who defended Sicily, so that when the Allies landed on July 10 resistance was much more limited than expected and saved many lives. Moreover, the deception was so complete that Hitler kept thinking for a few days (as would happen later in Normandy) that the attack on Sicily was only a feint.
In 1953 Roger Morgan discovered that William Martin had actually been Glyndwr Michael, a homeless alcoholic Welshman who had not been admitted to the army and apparently died from eating rat poison. Today his name appears next to Martin in the tomb in the cemetery of Huelva, which is not without flowers since 1946 by Elizabeth Naylor Mendez and his father, who at death left her in charge of caring for the graves of those who saved so many lives after his death, though life had not been an example of just human. Finally
John and Noreen Steele in his book "The Secrets of HMS Dasher" have questioned the identity of the man buried in Huelva, arguing that the body of Glyndwr Michael was delivered on January 43 and that despite being kept on ice for when they wanted to use was too decomposed, so that the body was used anonymous one of the sailors killed on the aircraft carrier HMS Dasher . Personally I prefer the story of redeeming drunken bum after death, but that I like stories that end happily.

Saturday, February 18, 2006

How Much Penacillin Do I Give My Dog

APPLYING AN ACCOUNT


TAZE CHARLES RUSSELL (b. Pittsburgh, 1852 - Pampa, 1916)

Some blog readers ask me occasionally what's the method used to select the characters. The truth is that no method. The reason why today I will write about the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses is an unexpected visit I had a few months ago, which cost me one morning and thanks to that found this funny article about the times that the world had to be finished, in turn, made me read some things about the Rev. Russell and his sympathetic followers. The thing usually works something like this, except that the "boot" of curiosity produces more times I read something that a middle-aged woman in meat appetizer trying to convince me that I can still save me for Christ mistress in the doorway of my home and at this time. Anyway, here goes: Charles T.
Russell was the son of a Presbyterian of Scottish descent and his Irish wife. Apparently it was a very intelligent boy because his father was associated with her clothing business when he was only twelve years. At thirteen he left the Presbyterian Church and became a Congregationalist. At sixteen he suffered such a crisis of faith that he abandoned his beliefs and went on to study other religions such as Buddhism or Hinduism. In 1870 he joined the Adventist church through the preaching of Jonas Wendell . Adventists were a millenarian group created by William Miller who in 1813 had predicted the end of the world for 1843. The disappointment that followed that date was about to end Adventists, but there were groups that weathered the storm in different ways, that of Wendell did propose a new date, 1874. Thanks to Wendell, Russell regained his interest in the Bible and began to systematically study while forming a circle close to discussing their readings. Between 1870 and 1874 designed together with several ministers Adventist their particular corpus of beliefs. In 1876 he received a copy of the Adventist magazine The Herald of the Morning , through which he met his editor Nelson H. Barbour who think he conveyed the idea that Christ had actually back in 1874 but an invisible and it was very likely to manifest in 1878 worldwide. Barbour's idea actually came very well Adventists, who had been a bit disappointed when Christ did not return in 1874, leaving the majority church. But above all Russell had greatly excited because, become a new kind of Peter Valdo , sold all his possessions and went to finance the publication of Barbour, while writing several books with ideas and trying to raise awareness among these most influential pastors.
In April 1878 the world did not end, so Russell decided to look in the Bible which was the cause of failure while claiming that there was still much to preach to people to be prepared for the return of Christ. The debate over what had happened ended his friendship with Barbour. In 1879 Russell founded his own magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, separated definitely Adventists and married Maria Frances Ackley.
In 1884 he founded the Zion's Watchtower Tract Society and formed several Bible study groups whose members were obliged to disseminate the brochures that came edited since 1881. In 1890 was about 400 fans in the states adjacent to hers and had made a name as preacher. His ideas went against the Trinity, and the commonly accepted concept of hell among other things, but certainly the crucial part of his teachings were the millenarian. Reinterpreted Russell famous chronology of Bishop Ussher and using techniques as "sophisticated" as the pyramidology (thought history dates could be obtained from the measurements of the Great Pyramid) concluded that the world would end in 1914. This last eccentricity of the pyramids has made means to come to the Catholic Church, with which he always took particular evil Jehovah's Witnesses, accuse him been Mason.
In 1896 the company changed its name to become Watch Tower Bible Tract Society an , which is the name now. Russell was known at that time virtually all United States for his continuous trips that constantly founded new communities and for his articles that appeared in many newspapers. But not everything was so nice, in 1897 his wife filed for divorce on the grounds that there was not enough participation in the direction of society. Following the separation process came to light all sorts of allegations against Russell, from adultery with multiple women to relationships indecency with a young pupil, through cruelty to his wife who he forced to maintain a celibate relationship apparently. In addition, between 1911 and 1913 was involved in a scandal over the sale of an alleged miracle wheat turned out to be a scam. In 1914, the beginning of World War I made him to hope that the world would end after all, although his death, which occurred in Pampa (Texas) during one of his travels, the thing was so bad paint that had to delay it to 1918 with the old excuse of invisible coming in 1914.
His successors continued to make accounts and since then have pointed to the end of the world for 1925, 1940, 1975 and 1995. Despite such a record of "hits" the cult renamed by the first of them, Joseph Franklin Rutherford , as Jehovah's Witnesses now live in an excellent state of health and its millions of faithful talkative and always ready to save a soul who does not want the thing across the world. Some of them are neighbors of mine, but I do not visit much.

Thursday, February 9, 2006

Are There Formal Dresses Size 00




JEROME MERINO (n. Villoviado, 1769 - m. Alençon, 1844)

Much is being talked about as a result of the war in Iraq on the difference between popular and guerrilla insurgency or terrorism. In our country we have to illustrate the situation happened in our war of independence (1808-1814) against French invaders. In both cases, people stand up against the foreign invader, even though, in theory, the invasion meant the imposition of a system that will bring more freedom. In both cases the army has to bring alleged freedom is conducted in a brutal manner, which makes people not see them as liberators and, finally, in both cases are the invaded country's religious head of the insurgency in many places . In Spain were also the same guerrilla priests who populate our national epic, especially after try by every means to stifle the desire for freedom that after the French invasion (and it seems rather in spite of it) had begun to sprout from the English. One of the most famous clerics Merino guerrillas was the priest.
son of peasant proprietors Villoviado in Burgos town, Merino studied for the priesthood in Burgos and returned to his village to take its place as pastor. In 1808 the French troops who were passing by, apparently vejaron him (although I have not been able to find in what way, the truth) and jailed. Later she managed to escape and, with a nephew and a few parishioners, burst into the hills and founded a guerrilla group, known then as "Crusade items, more famous at the time. It seems that the only military knowledge he had came to him from reading the classics, yet they became one of the worst thorns in French logistics lines between Burgos and Valladolid, to the point that he became interested in the same Napoleon. In 1810, following the action of Quintanar del Puente in which a large convoy was headed to Ciudad Real was appointed colonel by the Supreme Board, but had to retire to the Sierra de Quintanar harassed by the French. Shortly afterwards he was promoted again, to brigadier, to eliminate a large group of French Barbadillo. Also later managed to capture an entire battalion of Polish, and carried out many actions with your group or together with others such as the Empecinado with great success, so when the war was general and military governor of Burgos. Unfortunately during the conflict Merino also noted for his cruelty to the French prisoners, starring acts such as the French squad of twenty for each member of the board of Soria that the invaders were killed in 1812 that, although they were often response to the savagery of enemy, seem difficult to justify today. Presumably the French way of doing this so different from their conventional war would seem terrorism and stories that are told about the cruelty of guerrilla makes us think about the images of Western hostages seen on TV not long ago. After the war
Fernando VII appointed him canon of Palencia, although it seems that did not last long in office for discussions with their peers. However, in 1820 came to lie down the mountain, this time to defend absolutism against liberals who had come to enforce the Constitution of Cadiz the monarch. During the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) led guerrilla gangs in different parts of Castile, and in 1823 his forces formed the vanguard of curiously French army that invaded Spain this time to reintroduce absolutism, standing out against his fellow liberals for the same atrocities that were committed against Napoleon's soldiers, and having to face in the battlefield to old friends, as Determined.
After the death of Fernando VII in 1833, Murphy joined forces with Carlos María Isidro suitor , defended by the absolutists, against liberals who had sided with the Queen Regent Maria Cristina in what was the Carlist War . In it, and as Commander in Chief of Castilla and Extremadura, participated in Bilbao sites and Morella. Defeated the Carlist and peace that brought Vergara agreement in 1839, was forced into exile in France, he had been the scourge of liberals and pro-French, ending his days in a convent in Alençon in 1844. The story of the priest
Merino and unconditional control of the Church against all that progress and would involve a greater degree of freedom in Spain during the nineteenth century, can serve as a guide to see when it can assume happen when the Americans leave Iraq. This coupled with the latest developments does not suggest a scenario of greater freedom in the short term, but rather the opposite. Although it is possible that the seed of liberty has been planted, most likely have to be the Iraqis themselves those who finally reach their own way and without external imposition. Solo is expected to be faster and more peacefully than in Spain.

Wednesday, February 1, 2006

Potential World Record Whitetail

FAMILY HISTORY IN THE LAND OF THE BLIND NOT SEE IT COME


Georg Elser (n. Hermaringen, 1903 - Dachau, 1945)

In a sequence of American TV series "Band of Brothers" a paratrooper Yankee tells another while traveling on a road occupied Germany in 1945: "I've never seen so few Nazis and since we entered Germany." I think the phrase pretty much sums up how difficult it was to find the end of the war a German who claimed to have been voluntary on the side of Hitler. In fact, historical data confirm rather the opposite, since 1933 resistance to the Nazi regime was virtually eliminated with few exceptions. So one is shocked when she discovers the story of Georg Elser, a simple carpenter who had in his hands the possibility of changing the story only guided by the desire to avoid another war.
Hermaringen Georg Elser was born in 1903, and started young to earn a living first as a turner apprentice in a metal factory and then by health problems, as an apprentice carpenter, a trade in which he was an officer in 1922. After working in various places in 1925 he was hired in a watch factory in Konstanz, where he worked until 1929. That same year he joined the Rotfrontkämpferbund , a paramilitary group of the Communist Party, although it seems that what we really liked was to play several instruments at the group meetings, and that his militancy was never too serious. Voted the Communists because he felt that they were the best defending the rights of workers, but also a man of deep religious beliefs. In 1930 he had a son with his girlfriend Mathilde Niedermann and moved to Switzerland where he worked on another watch factory until 1932. Then he returned to Germany to work in the lumber business from his father. Elser opposed Nazism from the outset, refusing to greet arm high and to participate in any act of the party. In 1936 he began work on a new factory, which became aware of rearming his country, but it seems that was the night of broken glass in 1938 and the memory of the First World War, who had lived as a teenager, what I decided to act to try to prevent a new war. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, and his fears were realized. Determined to act, and using his knowledge of watches, Elser was 30 days remaining locked at night and no one would notice him in the famous Munich beer hall where Hitler had attempted a coup d'etat in 1923. Finally on 8 November, the anniversary of that date, Hitler and most of the leading hierarchs of Nazism met at the brewery for a memorial. At first it was thought that the act lasted until 10 pm but, unfortunately, bad weather meant that Hitler decided to return to Berlin by train instead of plane, and left the beer an hour earlier than planned, in So when at 21:20 pm exploded the bomb that had so laboriously built and placed Elser, their goal was already far. The attack left eight dead and dozens injured, and ironically the seemingly miraculous salvation brought up the Nazi leader's popularity among Germans.
Elser was arrested by the Gestapo while trying to cross the Swiss border in Konstanz. Tortured him for some time trying to find a possible connection with British intelligence services, but it seems that Elser at all times maintained that he acted alone. Then locked in the concentration camps of Sachsenhausen and Dachau with the dubious honor of being "Hitler's personal prisoner." For some years his fate was not worse than their peers in the field, which no doubt wondered who would be one particular prisoner who was allowed to have your own workbench. In April 1945, with the Russians at the gates of Berlin, Hitler ordered to kill Elser. It was so seemed that he had died from Allied bombing. He was killed 29 days before Germany surrendered.
Georg Elser's figure has remained half-hidden for many years. He has been denied the recognition given to other fighters against Nazism, as the group white rose or military conspirators July 44. Yet Elser seems the most important of them all the time and circumstances of his act. The military tried to kill Hitler in 44 had from the start by his side, and only when the war was lost came to light that strange morality that characterized them as Anthony Beevor, by which the goodness or badness of an behavior depends on gaining or losing. Members of the white rose, no less heroic than Elser, never had in their hands actually a possibility to change the things that envisioned Esler. His conduct, as opposed to most of his countrymen, should be considered statistically as madness but as what cases it seems very difficult to ascertain who is the madman. If it had not failed, Elser could have saved 50 million lives. Nevertheless, his figure has taken some time to be recognized by the Germans, except in places like Köningsbronn, village where he studied, and where a plaque reminds begins: "By my act, wanted to avoid further spillage of blood. "